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A Remote Network Server - ARNS
The University of Melbourne
djh@munnari.OZ.AU
January, 1992
version 1.13
ARNS is 'A Remote Network Server' package for AppleTalk that
allows a remote client to participate in local network
services such as printing and file sharing. The ARNS server
runs on a UNIX host that is connected to an EtherTalk network.
Connectivity between a client and server may be provided by a
variety of transport systems. This version of ARNS supports
UDP/IP datagrams and TCP/IP streams.
ARNS client nodes (which may be anywhere on the IP connected
Internet) can be any of the following:
* A Macintosh with EtherNet card, MacTCP 1.1 and
IPRemote AT adev.
* A Macintosh with Async AppleTalk adev 2.0
connected to a serial port on a UNIX machine
running the 'async' program.
* A Macintosh with Apple Remote Access (vers 1.0 or
2.0) software connected to a serial port on a UNIX
machine running 'aarap'.
* A Macintosh or PC with PPP software connected to a
serial port on a UNIX machine running the 'atppp'
program. 'atppp' supports both IP and AppleTalk
with AppleTalk-aware PPP clients.
IPRemote and Async AppleTalk2 are included with the ARNS
distribution, 'aarap' and 'atppp' are available via FTP
from munnari.OZ.AU in the directories mac/arns_arap and
mac/arns_ppp.
NOTICE
Copyright (c) 1992-1994, The University of Melbourne.
All Rights Reserved. ARNS may NOT be publicly redistributed
(for example via anonymous FTP), sold, or the source used for
any other purpose without the permission of the copyright
owner.
This software is supplied "as is" without express or
implied warranty.
djh@munnari.OZ.AU
ARNS SERVER
The ARNS server currently supports Phase 1 and Phase 2
EtherTalk networks on SUN SunOS/Solaris, DEC ULTRIX/Alpha,
SGI IRIX, Sony NEWS 4.2, HP-UX 8.07 and IBM RS6000 AIX,
Linux 1.1.74, BSDI BSD/386 1.1 and FreeBSD 2.0 workstations,
and Phase 1 only on Sony NEWS pre-4.2 and 386BSD/FreeBSD 1.0
workstations.
Security for access to the server is provided with an
optional server password and/or username & password pair.
Access can be restricted to clients that appear on an IP
address filter list. The server may only be run by a UNIX
superuser.
ARNS provides specific services on behalf of its connected
clients:
* Proxy AARP. ARNS allows a client to obtain an
address on the local EtherTalk network by handling
AARP (AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol)
lookups for client node numbers. The ARNS
server answers with the ARNS host ethernet
hardware address.
* Routing. EtherTalk packets sent to the server
host ethernet address are forwarded to the client
node. Client AppleTalk data packets sent to the
server are transmitted as EtherTalk packets.
* Filtering. ARNS filters RTMP broadcast traffic,
minimising the waste of client node bandwidth
(speeds can be as low as 1200 baud).
* Cacheing. ARNS caches client NBP entities and
answers network NBP lookups from internal tables,
again minimising client traffic.
IP Networks
An ARNS client may open a UDP/IP connection directly to the
server or via a TCP/IP stream to an ARNS/TCP relay daemon
(arnsrd) running on the ARNS host.
'arnsrd' is an inetd(8) client and is started only in
response to a TCP link connection request. Delivery between
arnsrd and the ARNS server is via the loopback interface
using UDP/IP. A similar mechanism could be used for other
types of data links, eg: X.25.
Note: When using ARNS over an Internet, be aware
that "idle" connected clients generate a small
amount of continuous traffic. This can be
minimised by not leaving AppleShare sessions
connected unnecessarily and ensuring that the
Chooser is closed when not in use.
The Macintosh adevs mentioned above are compatible with
both System 6.0 and System 7.0 Macintosh Operating Systems.
ARNS SERVER RESTRICTIONS
Under ULTRIX 4.N it may be necessary to run the command
'pfconfig +copyall interface'
Additionally, to run on Phase 2 networks, you need the
appropriate ULTRIX Packet Filter patches (the same
requirements as for CAP Native EtherTalk).
It's not currently possible to run ARNS on the same host
with CAP in Native EtherTalk mode. The shareware version
of UAR (UNIX AppleTalk Router) acts as an ARNS server and
allows both ARNS and CAP configured for UAR to operate on
a single host.
To run ARNS on networks where there are no local AppleTalk
routers, the end nodes must be running Phase 1 AppleTalk
code. This limitation is expected to be removed in a
later release.
Please report any problems via email to djh@munnari.OZ.AU
ARNS INSTALLATION
ARNS uses an IANA assigned "well known port". Add the
following lines to /etc/services or the NIS database
arns 384/udp # AppleTalk Network Server
arns 384/tcp # AppleTalk Network Server
To install the ARNS server, 'make arns' and install it in
/usr/local/etc. The ARNS server should normally be started
from /etc/rc.local or the CAP startup file start-cap-servers.
The arguments to arns are as follows:
-d number bit positions in [number] print
debugging messages for various
subsystems. For details see arns.h.
-l logfile use "logfile" for logging output.
-f filter use "filter" as the IP filter list,
sample below.
-P password use "password" to control access to
the server.
-p password as above but also permit a
username/password pair.
-i interface use the listed ethernet interface,
ie "le0".
-n number [number] represents the maximum
users permitted.
-z zone use "zone" as the default Phase 2
zone.
-1 | -2 use either Phase 1 (default) or
Phase 2.
EG:
arns -l logfile -f filter -i ie0 -2 -p yoicks
The filter list file contains IP network masks that are
applied to incoming connections and a */+/- indicator to
describe the permission.
The filter list file may be edited at any time, a SIGHUP
signal sent to the arns process causes the list to be reread
when the next connection is attempted.
IE:
#
# A Remote Network Server for AppleTalk
# IP Address Access Filter List
#
# The filter list consists of a single character mode, an IP
# mask and optional IP address. If the latter is included,
# the mask is applied to the incoming IP address and tested
# against the provided address. Otherwise the incoming IP
# address must be unchanged by the mask.
#
# Modes:
#
# * IP_MASK [ IP_ADDR ] permit access, no password required
# + IP_MASK [ IP_ADDR ] permit access, demand password
# - IP_MASK [ IP_ADDR ] deny access
#
# signal SIGHUP causes list to be reread
#
# arnsrd relay daemon or localhost
+ 127.0.0.1
# any mac on a specific subnet
+ 255.255.255.0 192.43.207.0
# no password required for connections from ariel
* 128.250.255.255 128.250.20.3
# anybody else on campus, they need a password
+ 128.250.255.255
# nobody else
- 255.255.255.255
Note: The filter code currently grants permission
for addresses not explicitly listed. It would be
prudent to always include a line of the form
- 255.255.255.255 at the end of the filter file.
To install the TCP/IP relay daemon, 'make arnsrd' and
install it in /usr/local/etc. Add the following line to
/etc/inetd.conf
arns stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/etc/arnsrd arnsrd
or, if using the IP filter list (eg: in file "filt"), add
the -f option:
arns stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/etc/arnsrd arnsrd -f filt
As root, send a SIGHUP to the inetd process. On BSD-type
systems, the status of the arnsrd process can be obtained
from a ps(1) listing (ala sendmail).
The format is of the output is
-arns hostname (X/Y T) (arnsrd)
where 'hostname' is the name or IP address of the client
making the TCP connection, X is the number of TCP packets
input, Y is the number of packets output and T is the time
in hours, minutes and seconds that the link has been up.
Since the space available for this status string is
limited, the time field may be truncated. If this is a
problem, change the inetd.conf entry to contain extra
arnsrd argument space, for example, to get an extra 40
characters, the inetd.conf entry would look like the
(single) line:
arns stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/etc/arnsrd arnsrd
........................................
ARNS ASYNC CLIENT
The UNIX end of the async appletalk connection is
"async". 'make async' and install in /usr/local/bin
(or /usr/local/cap) for use by any user.
The source requires no special installation or host
services and can therefore be transported to and compiled
on any BSD UNIX host to provide AppleTalk connectivity for
travellers. NB: async is currently incompatible with the
connection methods used by the original async package, you
may wish to call this binary async2. Usage is
async [-ltu] [ servername ]
if no servername is given, async expects to be able to
contact an ARNS server on the local host. If async
determines that "servername" is a distant connection (by
measuring the turnaround time for an ARNS tickle packet)
it tries to contact the ARNS/TCP relay daemon (arnsrd) at
the same address, if this fails, UDP/IP will be used. If
the ARNS server requires a password, async prints
Password:
If the connection is granted, the async appletalk adev
login window disappears and normal AppleTalk use should be
possible from the Chooser. Any error in the connection
(invalid password, illegal IP address or too many users)
causes an error message to be printed and async to exit.
The -l option causes async to check the serial line for
8-bit transparency.
The -t option initiates a TCP connection independent of
the link delay.
The -u option prompts for a login name and user password
for validation on the remote ARNS server (if using the
-p option).
For installation and usage instructions for the IPRemote
adev and the Async AppleTalk adev, see the README file in
the clients directory.
Notes
------------------------
Notes for IBM AIX users:
You MUST manually set the define "AIX" in Makefile and
clients/Makefile.
If you use the interfaces named in 'netstat -i' you may
receive the message "en1: A file or directory in the path
name does not exist." Instead, use the network interfaces
named "ent0" or "ent1" etc.
If "netstat -i" shows interfaces called en0 and et0, then
your RS6000 system is configured to run with 802.3 Ethernet
(the "et0" adapter) and you will not be able to run ARNS
with EtherTalk Phase 2.
Unless you really need 802.3 Ethernet support, it is safe
to turn off the "et0" interface. This is done using
smit tcpip
Select the following menu items
Further Configuration
Network Interfaces
Network Interface Selection
Remove a Network Interface
et0 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Network Interface
You may have to reboot the machine afterwards.
--------------------------------------------
Notes for DEC Alpha OSF/1 release 1.3 users:
You MUST manually set the define for LIBS=pfopen.o in the
Makefile and copy /usr/lib/examples/packetfilter/pfopen.c
to the ARNS directory.
----------------------
Notes for HP-UX users:
If you receive the message "/dev/lan0: device busy" then you
may need to upgrade your operating system to HP-UX 9.04 or
greater.
-----------------------
Notes for 386BSD and FreeBSD 1.0 users:
You must install the Berkeley Packet Filter on your system
and define -D__386BSD__ in the CFLAGS= line in the Makefile.
At this stage, 386BSD supports only Phase 1 EtherTalk due to
limitations in multicast support in the 386BSD ethernet driver.
---------------------------
Notes for FreeBSD 2.0 users:
You must define -DFreeBSD in the CFLAGS= line in the Makefile.
There appears to be an error in the ethernet driver (at least
in the ed0 version) which causes the IEEE 802.3 length bytes
to be reversed. You may also need to define -DFreeBSD_SWAP_BUG
in the Makefile.
--------------------------
Notes for Sony NEWS users:
Yasuaki Honda
Sony Computer Science Laboratory Inc.
honda@csl.sony.co.jp
You may know that recently Sony Corp. released NEWS-OS4.2
which supports AppleTalk protocols. ARNS runs on both
NEWS-OS4.2 and pre-4.2 NEWS-OS that supports /dev/ether0
device. This note describes how to use ARNS on SONY NEWS.
1. /dev/ether0
Please make sure that /dev/ether0 exists. If not, you can
make this device file by issuing the following command in
the directory /dev:
% sh MAKEDEV ether0
2. Restrictions on pre-4.2 users
You cannot use phase 2 option (-2 option) on this OS
version. This is because multicast address cannot be set
on /dev/ether0. The only way to use phase 2 is to upgrade
to NEWS-OS4.2.
3. Restrictions on 4.2 users
You cannot use ARNS and AppleTalk facility provided by OS4.2
at the same time if you want ARNS to speak phase 2. Don't run
ARNS in phase 2 mode if atconfig is up. To make sure that
atconfig is down, issue the following command:
% atconfig en0 down
On the other hand, you can run ARNS in phase 1 mode (use -1
option) and AppleTalk facility without any problem.
4. General Restrictions
Because ARNS uses /dev/ether0 and the device file cannot be
opened at the same time by more than one processes, you can
run only one of the following programs on the same host:
ARNS
uab for CAP6.0
rarpd (on pre-4.2 NEWS-OS)
Rarpd on NEWS OS4.2 now uses BPF and can run simultaneously
with processes using /dev/ether0.
5. Compiling on pre-4.2
Just invoke make command.
6. Compiling on OS4.2
You must put -Dsony_phaseII option on compiling arns.c and
pf.c files. Edit Makefile for these lines. Then make it.
7. Usage
On pre-4.2 OS, the following is the typical way to invoke
ARNS:
% arns -l logfile -f filter -1 -i /dev/ether0
The -1 and -i options with /dev/ether0 argument are
necessary.
On OS4.2, use the following instead:
% arns -l logfile -f filter -2 -i /dev/ether0
Then arns will speak phase 2.
8. Known problem
I sometimes experienced strange behavior about SONY NEWS
OS4.2. Suppose there is an ethernet segment on which two
SONY NEWS (OS4.2) and a mac is connected. Also a GatorBox
is connected to the same ethernet segment.
On news1, afsd (which is a daemon for apple file sharing)
is running, and on news2, ARNS is running in phase 2 mode.
The mac is installed MacTCP and IP Remote AT client for
ARNS, which is selected as link access method and
connected to ARNS.
The problem I encountered is that I cannot see afsd in
chooser!!! However, if select ethertalk phase 2 as link
access method, then it is there. I can connect to afsd
and everything works fine. In addtion if I connect to ARNS
from my mac at home using async and AsyncAtalk2, then I
can see everything as if I used ethertalk phase 2.
I have tracked down the reason of this behavior. It seems
that there is a bug in managing AARP table on SONY NEWS
OS4.2. The only workaround I know is that if you encounter
this phenomenon, then kill afsd and issue:
% atconfig en0 down
then
% atconfig en0 up
on the host whose afsd is invisible. This will initialize
AARP table and everything will be visible.
